His first recorded visit to the European continent was in May 1165, when his mother took him to Normandy. While his father visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood in England. According to Angevin family tradition, there was even 'infernal blood' in their ancestry, with a claimed descent from the fairy, or female demon, Melusine. Contemporary historian Ralph de Diceto traced his family's lineage through Matilda of Scotland to the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred the Great, and from there legend linked them to Noah and Woden. ![]() His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of William the Conqueror. Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother. Richard also had two half-sisters from his mother's first marriage to Louis VII of France: Marie and Alix. Four more children were born to King Henry and Queen Eleanor: Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan, and John. As a younger son of King Henry II, Richard was not expected to ascend the throne. He was the younger brother of William, Henry the Young King, and Matilda William died before Richard's birth. Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. ![]() Early life and accession in Aquitaine Childhood King Richard I's Great Seal of 1189 He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France. Nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan. Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalised a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem. ![]() īy the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non ( Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion ( Norman French: Quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. He was the third of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Gascony Lord of Cyprus Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199.
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